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1Department of Anesthesia, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325000 Wenzhou, P. R. China
2Department of Anesthesia, Wenzhou People's Hospital, 325000 Wenzhou, P. R. China
*Corresponding Author(s):panyuanyuan0102@163.com (Yuan-Yuan Pan)
† These authors contributed equally.
† These authors contributed equally.
History | Submitted: 09 November 2020 | Accepted: 10 December 2021 | Published: 08 March 2021 |
Copyright: | ©2021 The Author(s). Published by MRE Press. |
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether
dysmenorrhea could predict the occurrence of pain perceived after diagnostic
hysteroscopy or treatment. Methods: 58 women
undergoing diagnostic hysteroscopy or treatment were divided into two groups:
patients with dysmenorrhea (Group A) and patients without dysmenorrhea (Group B).
Patients underwent routine monitoring after the administration of 7.5
Cite this article
Yuan-Yuan Pan, Shen-Hui Jin, Shan Luo, Ru-Ru Li, Ying-Ying Tu, Dan Jin, et al.Dysmenorrhea is associated with a higher incidence of pain after diagnostic hysteroscopy or treatment.Signa Vitae,2021,17(2):63-66 DOI:10.22514/sv.2020.16.0117
Hysteroscopy is frequently used as an outpatient procedure for
the treatment of intrauterine and endometrial disorders such as endometrial
polyps [1]. Often patients will poorly tolerate the painful procedure, although
the duration of most hysteroscopies are relatively short and the procedure is
minimally invasive [2]. For this reason, alternative solutionssuch as normal
saline is substituted for carbon dioxide (CO
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Wenzhou Medical University (clinical trial number: ChiCTR2000036066; Registry URL: YJLCYJ-2020-051). This manuscript adheres to the applicable Equator guidelines. A total of 58 women ASA ⅠandⅡ aged 18 to 60 years old, 3-7 days following the last day of menstruation and were subjected to diagnostic hysteroscopy or treatment. Patients were divided into two groups: patients with dysmenorrhea (Group A) and patients without dysmenorrhea (Group B). Informed consent was obtained from all study subjects and the Institutional Review Board approval was obtained for data collection. In this study, diagnostic hysteroscopy was used to investigate abnormal uterine bleeding, endometrial thickening, infertility, fibroids, polyps, recurring miscarriage and uterine malformation. Women with a history of previous diagnostic hysteroscopy procedures were excluded from the study. Patients with an ongoing pregnancy, cervical carcinoma, pelvic inflammatory disease, excessive uterine bleeding and the need for performing an endometrial biopsy during the procedure were excluded from the study.
All patients were monitored using electrocardiography (ECG), noninvasive blood
pressure cuff (NBP) and peripheral arterial blood oxygen saturation (SpO2). A
non-rebreather oxygen mask was utilized. After obtaining baseline measurements,
7.5
Fig. 1.Study flow diagram.
Adverse hemodynamic events were present when the systolic BP (SBP) was higher than 150 mmHg (hypertension), less than 90 mmHg (hypotension), HR greater than 110 bpm (tachycardia), HR less than 45 bpm (bradycardia); respiratory depression with a SpO2 of 90% or lower for more than 30 seconds or a respiratory rate (RR) less than 8 breaths/min for more than one minute. These adverse events were treated by titration of the propofol and opioid infusion and if necessary ephedrine, atropine, or assisted ventilation with jaw thrust.
After all the hysteroscopic procedures were completed, the anesthesiologist calculated the total dose of propofol and remifentanil utilized. When patients were transferred to post-anesthesia care unit (PACU), a PACU nurse evaluated the patient by using a modified Aldrete scoring system. The criterion used for patient discharge was the achievement of a modified Aldrete score of 9.
Fifteen minutes after the procedure, a PACU nurse, who was unaware of the amount of opioid given to each patient, assisted patients to evaluate their pain level by using a numerical rating scale (VAS: 0 = none, 10 = most severe, 1-3 mild pain, 4-6 moderate pain, 7-10 severe pain) [12].
Continuous values were expressed by mean
As shown in Table 1, there was no statistical significance in age, weight, height, length of the procedure and the total amount of propofol and remifentanil given. The operating methods used in the two groups were not statistically significant, P = 0.75 (Table 2).
Group A | Group B | P | |
Patients (n) | 27 | 31 | |
Age (yrs) | 36.17 | 34.79 | 0.48 |
Weight (kg) | 56.16 | 54.68 | 0.39 |
Height (cm) | 158.24 | 159.23 | 0.39 |
BMI | 22.43 | 21.59 | 0.19 |
Time of operation | 12.88 | 12.41 | 0.71 |
Propofol (mg) | 190.24 | 184.25 | 0.64 |
Remifentanil (ug) | 53.84 | 57.77 | 0.53 |
Values are means |
Uterine polyp removal | Uterine adhesion lysis | Hysteroscopy | |
Group A (n = 27) | 12 | 4 | 11 |
Group B (n = 31) | 13 | 7 | 11 |
Compared different operation methods in two groups, P |
The incidence of pain after the procedure in patients with dysmenorrhea was higher than that of patients without dysmenorrhea (77.8% vs. 45.2%, P = 0.011) (Table 3). A comparison of pain severity in two groups was significant (P = 0.038) (Table 4). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that dysmenorrhea was an independent predictor of pain in patients with diagnostic hysteroscopy after adjusting for age, BMI, length of operation and doses of propofol and sufentanil (OR: 3.28, 95% CI = 1.14-9.42, P = 0.027).
Group A (n = 27) | Group B (n = 31) | |
NRS = 0 | 6 | 17 |
NRS | 21 | 14 |
Compared the incidence of pain after operation in two groups, P |
NRS | Group A (n = 27) | Group B (n = 31) |
0 | 6 | 17 |
1-3 | 11 | 10 |
4-6 | 8 | 4 |
7-10 | 2 | 0 |
Compared the pain severity after operation in two groups, P |
The results from the present study demonstrate that pain perceived after hysteroscopy or treatment is more common in patients with dysmenorrhea with the relative percentage being around 80%. NRS score in patients with dysmenorrhea after hysteroscopy or treatment is significantly higher than in those patients with no dysmenorrhea. Our results indicated that dysmenorrhea increased the intensity of pain perceived after the hysteroscopy.
Hysteroscopy or treatment is a frequently performed outpatient procedure that is minimally invasive and is considered to be the gold standard for the treatment of intrauterine pathology. It has been demonstrated to cause pain, discomfort and anxiety. Utilization of anesthetic approaches, such as the paracervical block, intracervical block and transcervical block have been attempted to mitigate these issues [13, 14]. However, various adverse effects of an anesthetic block have mitigated their use during many hysteroscopic procedures.
Remifentanil is an esterase-metabolized opioid analgesic widely
used in the perioperative period because of its ultra-short half-life (three min)
[15] which tends to make it better suited forpainful medical procedures [18]. In
addition, remifentanil produces the desired analgesic result instantly
duringanesthesia and decreases respiratory depression postoperatively,
irrespective of the duration of the infusion. Remifentanil was shown to have a
greater analgesic effect thanrecommendeddoses of alfentanil during breast
biopsy under monitored anesthesia [16]. In that study, the rapidity of
postoperative recovery was not significantly different between the two groups.
The study of monitored anesthesia care has shown that remifentanil infusion at
0.05
In summary, this study demonstrates that dysmenorrhea may predict the intensity and incidence of pain after diagnostic hysteroscopy or treatment.
This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Wenzhou Medical University (clinical trial number: ChiCTR2000036066; Registry URL: YJLCYJ-2020-051).
Thank numerous individuals particioated in this study.
The National Natural Science projects of China (81573742; Recipient: JW). The Municipal science and Technology Program (Y20180568; Recipient: YP).
The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose.