Title
Author
DOI
Article Type
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Neutrophil to Lymphocyte ratio of Synthetic Cannabinoid Intoxication
1Department of Anesthesiology, Gulhane Military Medical Academy, Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
*Corresponding Author(s): GOKHAN INANGIL E-mail: ginangil@gata.edu.tr
Synthetic cannabinoids represent an in-creasingly popular trend, and acute intoxi-cation is widely seen in emergency rooms and intensive care units (ICU), as they are inexpensive and easily accessible. Cannab-inoids mediate their effects through bind-ing specific receptors which are members of the G protein coupled receptor super-family. Cannabinoid-2 receptors are pri-marily found in the immune system and mediate immunosuppression by inducing apoptosis, inhibition of proliferation and suppression of cytokine and chemokine production. Many studies have discussed the effects of cannabinoids on the hema-tological and immune systems but con-troversial results have been reported. The aim of this study was to identify laboratory findings of acute synthetic cannabinoid in-toxication. Forty-two patients, admitted to the ‘Anesthesia intensive care unit’ between 2014 and 2015 with synthetic cannabinoid intoxication, were studied retrospectively to assess the relationship between synthet-ic cannabinoid intoxication and complete blood count (white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils) and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio. WBC neutrophil count decreased at ICU discharge when com-pared to ICU admission (p<0.001). The ra-tio of neutrophils to lymphocytes was also lower at ICU discharge when compared to ICU admission (p<0.05).
synthetic cannabinoids, intoxi-cation, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio
GOKHAN INANGIL,SULEYMAN DENIZ,FUAT GURBUZ,BARIS GUVEN,OMER BAKAL,MUSTAFA ZULKADIR,HUSEYIN SEN,SEZAI OZKAN. Neutrophil to Lymphocyte ratio of Synthetic Cannabinoid Intoxication. Signa Vitae. 2016. 12(S1);74-77.
1. Spaderna M, Addy PH, D’Souza DC. Spicing things up: synthetic cannabinoids. Psychopharmacology 2013;228:525-40.
2. Dargan PI, Hudson S, Ramsey J, Wood DM. The impact of changes in UK classification of the synthetic cannabinoid receptor ago-nists in ‘Spice’. Int J Drug Policy 2011;22:274-7.
3. Lehmann C, Kianian M, Zhou J, Cerny V, Kelly M. The endocannabinoid system in sepsis – a potential target to improve microcir-culation? Signa Vitae 2011;6:7-13.
4. Sardinha J, Lehmann C, Kelly M. Targeting the Endocannabinoid System to Treat Sepsis. Signa Vitae 2013;8:9-14.
5. Atwood BK, Lee D, Straiker A, Widlanski TS, Mackie K. CP47,497-C8 and JWH073, commonly found in ‘Spice’ herbal blends, are potent and efficacious CB(1) cannabinoid receptor agonists. Eur J Pharmacol 2011;659:139-45.
6. Ščavničar A, Granić P, Lovrić M, Rogić D. Toxicological screening – Experience from University Hospital Centre Zagreb Emergency Medical Service. Signa Vitae 2015;10(SUPPL 1):92-6.
7. Altınışık U, Altınışık HB, Şimşek T, Doğu T, Şimşek E, Aydın H. Clinical Characteristics of Patients Diagnosed with Synthetic Can-nabinoid (Bonsai) Intoxication in ICU. J Turk Soc Intens Care 2015;13:117-21.
8. Cavuş UY, Yildirim S, Sönmez E, Ertan C, Ozeke O. Prognostic value of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio in patients with pulmonary embolism.Turk J Med Sci 2014;44:50-5.
9. Ozdemir Y, Akin ML, Sucullu I, Balta AZ, Yucel E. Pretreatment neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio as a prognostic aid in colorectal cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014;15:2647-50.
10. Arbel Y, Finkelstein A, Halkin A, Birati EY, Revivo M, Zuzut M, et al. Neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio is related to the severity of coro-nary artery disease and clinical outcome in patients undergoing angiography. Atherosclerosis 2012;225:456-60.
11. Gao SQ, Huang LD, Dai RJ, Chen DD, Hu WJ, Shan YF. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio: a controversial marker in predicting Crohn’s disease severity. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2015;8:14779-85.
12. Rieder SA, Chauhan A, Singh U, Nagarkatti M, Nagarkatti P. Cannabinoid-induced apoptosis in immune cells as a pathway to im-munosuppression. Immunobiology 2010;215:598-605.
13. Nagarkatti P, Pandey R, Rieder SA, Hegde VL, Nagarkatti M. Cannabinoids as novel anti-inflammatory drugs. Future Med Chem 2009;1:1333-49.
14. Seely KA, Lapoint J, Moran JH, Fattore L. Spice drugs are more than harmless herbal blends: a review of the pharmacology and toxi-cology of synthetic cannabinoids. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012;39:234-43.
15. Polat O, Yavaş GF, İnan S, İnan ÜÜ. Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio as a Marker in Patients with Non-arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy. Balkan Med J 2015;32:382-7.
16. Oseni BS, Togun VA, Taiwo OF. Effect of Marijuana Smoking on Some Hematological Parameters of Smokers. World J Med Sci 2006;1:82-5.
17. Mukhtar AH, Elbagir NM. Effect of Cannabis sativa on Hematological Indices in Rats and Men. Pak J Nutr 2011;10:313-16.
18. Obembe, AO, Omini GC, Okon UA, Okpo-ene AI, Ikpi DE. Hematological and Immunological Effect of Cannabis sativa on Albino Wistar Rats. BJMMR 2015;7:52-60.
Science Citation Index Expanded (SciSearch) Created as SCI in 1964, Science Citation Index Expanded now indexes over 9,200 of the world’s most impactful journals across 178 scientific disciplines. More than 53 million records and 1.18 billion cited references date back from 1900 to present.
Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition aims to evaluate a journal’s value from multiple perspectives including the journal impact factor, descriptive data about a journal’s open access content as well as contributing authors, and provide readers a transparent and publisher-neutral data & statistics information about the journal.
Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index The CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool is an online resource that can quickly identify or confirm journal titles and abbreviations for publications indexed by CAS since 1907, including serial and non-serial scientific and technical publications.
Index Copernicus The Index Copernicus International (ICI) Journals database’s is an international indexation database of scientific journals. It covered international scientific journals which divided into general information, contents of individual issues, detailed bibliography (references) sections for every publication, as well as full texts of publications in the form of attached files (optional). For now, there are more than 58,000 scientific journals registered at ICI.
Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research The Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research (GFMER) is a non-profit organization established in 2002 and it works in close collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO). The overall objectives of the Foundation are to promote and develop health education and research programs.
Scopus: CiteScore 1.3 (2023) Scopus is Elsevier's abstract and citation database launched in 2004. Scopus covers nearly 36,377 titles (22,794 active titles and 13,583 Inactive titles) from approximately 11,678 publishers, of which 34,346 are peer-reviewed journals in top-level subject fields: life sciences, social sciences, physical sciences and health sciences.
Embase Embase (often styled EMBASE for Excerpta Medica dataBASE), produced by Elsevier, is a biomedical and pharmacological database of published literature designed to support information managers and pharmacovigilance in complying with the regulatory requirements of a licensed drug.
Top