Article Data

  • Views 4663
  • Dowloads 459

Editorials

Open Access

Four pandemics: lessons learned, lessons lost

  • Joseph V. Pergolizzi1
  • Jo Ann LeQuang1
  • Robert Taylor1
  • Charles Wollmuth1
  • Meghan Nalamachu1
  • Giustino Varrassi2
  • Paul Christo3
  • Franklin Breve1,4
  • Peter Magnusson5,6

1NEMA Research, Inc., Naples, Florida, United States of America

2Paolo Procacci Foundation, via Tacito 7, 00193 Rome, Italy

3Associate Professor, Division of Pain Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America

4Temple University School of Pharmacy, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America

5Cardiology Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, SE-171 76, Sweden

6Centre for Research and Development, Uppsala University/Region Gävleborg, Gävle, SE-801 87, Sweden

DOI: 10.22514/sv.2020.16.0096 Vol.17,Issue 1,January 2021 pp.1-5

Published: 08 January 2021

*Corresponding Author(s): Giustino Varrassi E-mail: giuvarr@gmail.com

Abstract

In the past 100 years, the world has faced four distinctly different pandemics: the Spanish flu of 1918-1919, the SARS pandemic of 2003, the H1N1 or “swine flu” pandemic of 2012, and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Each public health crisis exposed specific systemic shortfalls and provided public health lessons for future events. The Spanish flu revealed a nursing shortage and led to a great appreciation of nursing as a profession. SARS showed the importance of having frontline clinicians be able to work with regulators and those producing guidelines. H1N1 raised questions about the nature of a global organization such as the World Health Organization in terms of the benefits and potential disadvantages of leading the fight against a long-term global public health threat. In the era of COVID-19, it seems apparent that we are learning about both the blessing and curse of social media.

Keywords

Coronavirus; COVID-19 pandemic; Pandemics

Cite and Share

Joseph V. Pergolizzi,Jo Ann LeQuang,Robert Taylor,Charles Wollmuth,Meghan Nalamachu,Giustino Varrassi,Paul Christo,Franklin Breve,Peter Magnusson. Four pandemics: lessons learned, lessons lost. Signa Vitae. 2021. 17(1);1-5.

References

[1] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Section 11: Epidemic disease occurrence. Centers for disease control and prevention. Lesson 1: Intro-duction to epidemiology. 2012. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson1/section11.html (Accessed: 31 October 31, 2020).

[2] Kelly H. The classical definition of a pandemic is not elusive. World Health Organization. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2011. Available at: http://www9.who.int/bulletin/volumes/89/ 7/11-088815/en/ (Accessed: 31 October, 2020).

[3] Lüthy IA, Ritacco V, Kantor IN. One hundred years after the “Spanish” flu. Medicina. 2018; 78: 113-118.

[4] Jones MM, Saines M. The Eighteen of 1918-1919: black nurses and the great flu pandemic in the United States. American Journal of Public Health. 2019; 109: 877-884.

[5] Roser M. The Spanish flu (1918-1920): the global impact of the largest influenza pandemic in history. Our World in Data. 2020. Avail-able at: https://ourworldindata.org/spanish-flu-largest-influenza-pandemic-in-history (Accessed: 31 October, 2020).

[6] Schwartz JL. The Spanish flu, epidemics, and the turn to biomedical responses. American Journal of Public Health. 2018; 108: 1455-1458.

[7] Henry S. Nurses in the face of the Great War’s epidemics. Soins. 2014; 24-27.

[8] Bauers S. 5 questions: how the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic changed the nursing profession. In: Tribune Content Agency LLC. 2018.

[9] U.S. Bureau of labor statistics. Labor force statistics from the current population survey. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. 2020. Available at: https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11.htm (Accessed: 31 October, 2020).

[10] Yang Y, Peng F, Wang R, Guan K, Jiang T, Xu G, et al. The deadly coronaviruses: the 2003 SARS pandemic and the 2020 novel coronavirus epidemic in China. Journal of Autoimmunity. 2020; 109: 102434.

[11] Dye C, Gay N. Epidemiology. Modeling the SARS epidemic. Science. 2003, 300: 1884-1885.

[12] Roos R. Estimates of SARS death rates revised upward. University of Minnesota. 2003. Available at: https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11.htm (Accessed: 31 October, 2020).

[13] Nanji CK, Orser AB. Managing Ebola: lessons learned from the SARS epidemic. Anesthesia & Analgesia. 2015; 121: 834-835.

[14] Bennett D, Daniel B, Chiang CF, Malani A. Learning during a crisis: the SARS epidemic in Taiwan. The Journal of Development Economics. 2015; 112: 1-18.

[15] Xing W, Hejblum G, Leung GM, Valleron AJ, Sim I. Anatomy of the epidemiological literature on the 2003 SARS outbreaks in Hong Kong and Toronto: a time-stratified review (Bibliographic Anatomy of SARS Epidemic). PLoS Medicine. 2010; 7: e1000272.

[16] Dee DL, Bensyl DM, Gindler J, Truman BI, Allen BG, D’mello T, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in hospitalizations and deaths associated with 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus infections in the United States. Annals of Epidemiology. 2011; 21: 623-630.

[17] Fineberg H. Pandemic preparedness and response–lessons from the H1N1 influenza of 2009. New England Journal of Medicine. 2014; 370: 1335-1342.

[18] Pergolizzi JV, Jr., Magnusson P, LeQuang JA, Breve F, Paladini A, Rekatsina M, et al. The Current Clinically Relevant Findings on COVID-19 Pandemic. Anesthesia and Pain Medicine. 2020; 10: e103819.

[19] Pergolizzi JV Jr., Raffa RB, Varrassi G, Magnusson P, LeQuang JA, Paladini A, et al. Potential neurological manifestations of COVID-19: a narrative review. Postgraduate Medicine. 2020. [In press]

[20] Moka E, Paladini A, Rekatsina M, Urits I, Viswanath O, Kaye AD, et al. Best practice in cardiac anesthesia during the COVID-19 pandemic: practical recommendations. Best Practice & Research: Clinical Anaesthesiology. 2020; 34: 569-582.

[21] Perchiazzi G, Pellegrini M, Chiodaroli E, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, et al. The use of positive end expiratory pressure in patients affected by COVID-19: Time to reconsider the relation between morphology and physiology. Best Practice & Research: Clinical Anaesthesiology. 2020; 34: 561-567.

[22] Raudenská J, Steinerová V, Javůrková A, Urits I, Kaye AD, Viswanath O, et al. Occupational burnout syndrome and post-traumatic stress among healthcare professionals during the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Best Practice & Research: Clinical Anaesthesiology. 2020; 34: 553-560.

[23] Rekatsina M, Paladini A, Moka E, Yeam CT, Urits I, Viswanath O, et al. Healthcare at the time of COVID-19: a review of the current situation with emphasis on anesthesia providers. Best Practice & Research: Clinical Anaesthesiology. 2020; 34: 539-551.

[24] Puntillo F, Giglio M, Brienza N, Viswanath O, Urits I, Kaye AD, et al. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on chronic pain management: looking for the best way to deliver care. Best Practice & Research: Clinical Anaesthesiology. 2020; 34: 529-537.

[25] World Health Organization. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) Situation Report-13. World Health Organization. 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200202-sitrep-13-ncov-v3.pdf (Accessed: 31 October, 2020).

[26] Marr B. Coronavirus fake news: how Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are tackling the problem. Forbes. 2020. Available at: https: //www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2020/03/27/finding-the-truth-about-covid-19-how-facebook-twitter-and-instagram-are-tackling-fake-news/#5304f4511977 (Accessed: 31 October, 2020).

[27] Pergolizzi JV, Jr., Varrassi G, Magnusson P, LeQuang JA, Paladini A, Taylor R, et al. COVID-19 and NSAIDS: a narrative review of knowns and unknowns. Pain and Therapy. 2020; 9: 353-358.

[28] Day M. COVID-19: ibuprofen should not be used for managing symptoms, say doctors and scientists. British Medical Journal. 2020; 368: m1086.

[29] Varrassi G. Warning against the use of anti-inflammatory medicines to cure COVID-19: building castles in the air. Advances in Therapy. 2020; 37: 1705-1707.

[30] Pergolizzi JV Jr., Varrassi G, Magnusson P, LeQuang JA, Leopoulou M, Paladini A, et al. The concern about ACE/ARB and COVID-19: time to hold your horses! Journal of the American Pharmacists Association. 2020; 60: e88-e90.

[31] European Medicines Agency. EMA gives advice on the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatories for COVID-19. European Medicines Agency. 2020. Available at: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/about-us/contacts-european-medicines-agency (Accessed: 31 October, 2020).

[32] Food and Drug Administration. FDA advises patients on use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) for COVID-19. Food and Drug Administration. 2020. Available at: https: //www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-advises-patients-use-non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-nsaids-covid-19 (Accessed: 31 October, 2020).

[33] World Health Organization. Could #ibuprofen worsen disease for people with #COVID19? Twitter. 2020. Available at: https://twitter.com/WHO/status/1240409217997189128 (Accessed: 31 October, 2020).

Abstracted / indexed in

Science Citation Index Expanded (SciSearch) Created as SCI in 1964, Science Citation Index Expanded now indexes over 9,200 of the world’s most impactful journals across 178 scientific disciplines. More than 53 million records and 1.18 billion cited references date back from 1900 to present.

Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition aims to evaluate a journal’s value from multiple perspectives including the journal impact factor, descriptive data about a journal’s open access content as well as contributing authors, and provide readers a transparent and publisher-neutral data & statistics information about the journal.

Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index The CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool is an online resource that can quickly identify or confirm journal titles and abbreviations for publications indexed by CAS since 1907, including serial and non-serial scientific and technical publications.

Index Copernicus The Index Copernicus International (ICI) Journals database’s is an international indexation database of scientific journals. It covered international scientific journals which divided into general information, contents of individual issues, detailed bibliography (references) sections for every publication, as well as full texts of publications in the form of attached files (optional). For now, there are more than 58,000 scientific journals registered at ICI.

Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research The Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research (GFMER) is a non-profit organization established in 2002 and it works in close collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO). The overall objectives of the Foundation are to promote and develop health education and research programs.

Scopus: CiteScore 1.0 (2022) Scopus is Elsevier's abstract and citation database launched in 2004. Scopus covers nearly 36,377 titles (22,794 active titles and 13,583 Inactive titles) from approximately 11,678 publishers, of which 34,346 are peer-reviewed journals in top-level subject fields: life sciences, social sciences, physical sciences and health sciences.

Embase Embase (often styled EMBASE for Excerpta Medica dataBASE), produced by Elsevier, is a biomedical and pharmacological database of published literature designed to support information managers and pharmacovigilance in complying with the regulatory requirements of a licensed drug.

Submission Turnaround Time

Conferences

Top