Article Data

  • Views 4152
  • Dowloads 442

Reviews

Open Access Special Issue

High flow nasal cannula therapy in children: working principles and treatment failure predictors

  • Eleni Volakli1,*,
  • Menelaos Svirkos1
  • Asimina Violaki1
  • Elpis Chochliourou1
  • Serafeia Kalamitsou1
  • Vasiliki Avramidou1
  • Maria Katsafiloudi1
  • Despoina Iordanidou2
  • Nikolaos Karantaglis3
  • Maria Sdougka1

1Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, Hippokration General Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece

2Department of Anesthesia, Hippokration General Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece

33rd Pediatric Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippokration General Hospital, 54642 Thessaloniki, Greece

DOI: 10.22514/sv.2022.039 Vol.18,Issue 6,November 2022 pp.5-16

Submitted: 11 February 2022 Accepted: 14 April 2022

Published: 08 November 2022

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Pediatric Critical Care)

*Corresponding Author(s): Eleni Volakli E-mail: elenavolakli@gmail.com

Abstract

High Flow Nasal Cannula (HFNC) delivers high flowrates of a heated air/oxygen fresh gas breathing mixture, in an open system, at the exact amount of fraction inspired oxygen, and at the optimum hydration level. By definition, due to high flow rates, higher than 2 L/min, it produces a wash out of the anatomic dead space and the End-tidal Carbon dioxide (EtCO2), and augments thus effective alveolar ventilation at the same rate of minute ventilation, helping reduce partial arterial pressure of Carbon dioxide (PaCO2) levels. Although depending on mouth closure and the relative size of the nasal cannula prongs related to nares, it produces a minimum Positive End Expiratory Pressure (PEEP) level, which is especially helpful in keeping unstable alveoli open, recruiting lung volume, and increasing the functional residual capacity. It reduces respiratory resistance and the high work of breathing which is a common feature in patients with respiratory failure. But its most important characteristics are the ease of implementation and good patient tolerance. It has emerged as a promising support mode in the last decade, and its use is being continuously expanded. Although it started from neonates, it expanded to children and adults, and tested in all causes of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure, especially in bronchiolitis, and in post-extubation respiratory failure as well, starting from Emergency Department (ED), Pediatric Ward (PW), Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), and during transportation. Comparisons and meta-analyses, although not of equal modalities, have shown that it is definitely better than Standard Oxygen Therapy (SOT), and rather inferior to Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP). The aim of the present study is to explore the HFNC position in the timeline of recommendations for mechanical ventilation in critically ill children. We present a review on HFNC literature evidence in patients aged 1 month to 18 years, focusing on its mechanism of action, clinical effects, and timely recognition of treatment failure predictors.


Keywords

High flow nasal cannula-HFNC; Working principles; Treatment failure predictors; Pediatric intensive care unit-PICU; Infants; Children


Cite and Share

Eleni Volakli,Menelaos Svirkos,Asimina Violaki,Elpis Chochliourou,Serafeia Kalamitsou,Vasiliki Avramidou,Maria Katsafiloudi,Despoina Iordanidou,Nikolaos Karantaglis,Maria Sdougka. High flow nasal cannula therapy in children: working principles and treatment failure predictors. Signa Vitae. 2022. 18(6);5-16.

References

[1] Kneyber MCJ, de Luca D, Calderini E, Jarreau P-H, Javouhey E, Lopez-Herce J, et al. Recommendations for mechanical ventilation of critically ill children from the paediatric mechanical ventilation consensus conference (PEMVECC). Intensive Care Medicine. 2017; 43: 1764–1780.

[2] Rimensberger PC, Cheifetz IM, Pediatric Acute Lung Injury Consensus Conference Group. Ventilatory support in children with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome: proceedings from the pediatric acute lung injury consensus conference. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 2015; 16: S51–S60.

[3] Farias JA, Fernández A, Monteverde E, Flores JC, Baltodano A, Menchaca A, et al. Mechanical ventilation in pediatric intensive care units during the season for acute lower respiratory infection. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 2012; 13: 158–164.

[4] Balcells Ramírez J, López-Herce Cid J, Modesto Alapont V, Grupo de Respiratorio de la Sociedad Española de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos. Prevalence of mechanical ventilation in pediatric intensive care units in Spain. The Spanish Association of Pediatrics. 2004; 61: 533–541. (In Spanish)

[5] Cocoros NM, Priebe GP, Logan LK, Coffin S, Larsen G, Toltzis P, et al. A pediatric approach to ventilator-associated events surveillance. Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology. 2017; 38: 327–333.

[6] Peña-López Y, Pujol M, Campins M, Lagunes L, Balcells J, Rello J. Assessing prediction accuracy for outcomes of ventilator-associated events and infections in critically ill children: a prospective cohort study. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 2018; 24: 732–737.

[7] Mayordomo-Colunga J, Pons-Òdena M, Medina A, Rey C, Milesi C, Kallio M, et al. Non-invasive ventilation practices in children across Europe. Pediatric Pulmonology. 2018; 53: 1107–1114.

[8] Luján M, Peñuelas Ó, Cinesi Gómez C, García-Salido A, Moreno Hernando J, Romero Berrocal A, et al. Summary of recommendations and key points of the consensus of Spanish scientific societies (SEPAR, SEMICYUC, SEMES; SECIP, SENEO, SEDAR, SENP) on the use of non-invasive ventilation and high-flow oxygen therapy with nasal cannulas in adult, pediatric, and neonatal patients with severe acute respiratory failure. Medicina Intensiva. 2021; 45: 298–312.

[9] Tume LN, Kneyber MCJ, Blackwood B, Rose L. Mechanical ventilation, weaning practices, and decision making in European PICUs. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 2017; 18: e182–e188.

[10] Newth CJL, Venkataraman S, Willson DF, Meert KL, Harrison R, Dean JM, et al. Weaning and extubation readiness in pediatric patients. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 2009; 10: 1–11.

[11] Riera J, Perez P, Cortes J, Roca O, Masclans JR, Rello J. Effect of high-flow nasal cannula and body position on end-expiratory lung volume: a cohort study using electrical impedance tomography. Respiratory Care. 2013; 58: 589–596.

[12] Wilkinson D, Andersen C, O’Donnell CPF, De Paoli AG, Manley BJ. High flow nasal cannula for respiratory support in preterm infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016; 2: CD006405.

[13] Frat J, Thille AW, Mercat A, Girault C, Ragot S, Perbet S, et al. High-flow oxygen through nasal cannula in acute hypoxemic respiratory failure. New England Journal of Medicine. 2015; 372: 2185–2196.

[14] Pfeifer M, Ewig S, Voshaar T, Randerath W, Bauer T, Geiseler J, et al. Position paper for the state-of-the-art application of respiratory support in patients with COVID-19. Respiration. 2020; 99: 521–542.

[15] Schlapbach LJ, Schaefer J, Brady A, Mayfield S, Schibler A. High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) support in interhospital transport of critically ill children. Intensive Care Medicine. 2014; 40: 592–599.

[16] Panciatici M, Fabre C, Tardieu S, Sauvaget E, Dequin M, Stremler-Le Bel N, et al. Use of high-flow nasal cannula in infants with viral bronchiolitis outside pediatric intensive care units. European Journal of Pediatrics. 2019; 178: 1479–1484.

[17] Bradshaw ML, Déragon A, Puligandla P, Emeriaud G, Canakis A, Fontela PS. Treatment of severe bronchiolitis: a survey of Canadian pediatric intensivists. Pediatric Pulmonology. 2018; 53: 613–618.

[18] Cheng AY, Simon HK, Miller J, Wetzel M, Zmitrovich A, Hebbar KB. Survey of current institutional practices in the use of high-flow nasal cannula for pediatric patients. Pediatric Emergency Care. 2022; 38: e151–e156.

[19] Beggs S, Wong ZH, Kaul S, Ogden KJ, Walters JAE. High-flow nasal cannula therapy for infants with bronchiolitis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014; CD009609.

[20] Mayfield S, Jauncey-Cooke J, Hough JL, Schibler A, Gibbons K, Bogossian F. High-flow nasal cannula therapy for respiratory support in children. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014; CD009850.

[21] Vilozni D, Efrati O, Barak A, Yahav Y, Augarten A, Bentur L. Forced inspiratory flow volume curve in healthy young children. Pediatric Pulmonology. 2009; 44: 105–111.

[22] Ritchie JE, Williams AB, Gerard C, Hockey H. Evaluation of a humidified nasal high-flow oxygen system, using oxygraphy, capnography and measurement of upper airway pressures. Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. 2011; 39: 1103–1110.

[23] Carlsen K. Perinatal and pediatric respiratory care. Respiratory Medicine. 1996; 90: 639–640.

[24] Franklin D, Shellshear D, Babl FE, Schlapbach LJ, Oakley E, Borland ML, et al. Multicentre, randomised trial to investigate early nasal high—flow therapy in paediatric acute hypoxaemic respiratory failure: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial—a paediatric acute respiratory intervention study (PARIS 2). BMJ Open. 2019; 9: e030516.

[25] Franklin D, Shellshear D, Babl FE, Hendrickson R, Williams A, Gibbons K, et al. High flow in children with respiratory failure: a randomised controlled pilot trial—a paediatric acute respiratory intervention study. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2021; 57: 273–281.

[26] Milési C, Pierre A, Deho A, Pouyau R, Liet J, Guillot C, et al. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of a 3-L/kg/min versus 2-L/kg/min high-flow nasal cannula flow rate in young infants with severe viral bronchiolitis (TRAMONTANE 2). Intensive Care Medicine. 2018; 44: 1870–1878.

[27] Long E, Babl FE, Duke T. Is there a role for humidified heated high-flow nasal cannula therapy in paediatric emergency departments? Emergency Medicine Journal. 2016; 33: 386–389.

[28] Wing R, James C, Maranda LS, Armsby CC. Use of high-flow nasal cannula support in the emergency department reduces the need for intubation in pediatric acute respiratory insufficiency. Pediatric Emergency Care. 2012; 28: 1117–1123.

[29] Hegde S, Prodhan P. Serious air leak syndrome complicating high-flow nasal cannula therapy: a report of 3 cases. Pediatrics. 2013; 131: e939–e944.

[30] Saeed B, Azim A, Haque AU, Abbas Q. High flow nasal cannula therapy in children with acute respiratory insufficiency in the pediatric intensive care unit of a resource-limited country: a preliminary experience. Journal of College of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan. 2021; 31:110–112.

[31] Mikalsen IB, Davis P, Øymar K. High flow nasal cannula in children: a literature review. Scandinavian Journal of Trauma, Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine. 2016; 24: 93.

[32] Kepreotes E, Whitehead B, Attia J, Oldmeadow C, Collison A, Searles A, et al. High-flow warm humidified oxygen versus standard low-flow nasal cannula oxygen for moderate bronchiolitis (HFWHO RCT): an open, phase 4, randomised controlled trial. The Lancet. 2017; 389: 930–939.

[33] Franklin D, Dalziel S, Schlapbach LJ, Babl FE, Oakley E, Craig SS, et al. Early high flow nasal cannula therapy in bronchiolitis, a prospective randomised control trial (protocol): a paediatric acute respiratory intervention study (PARIS). BMC Pediatrics. 2015; 15: 183.

[34] Franklin D, Babl FE, Schlapbach LJ, Oakley E, Craig S, Neutze J, et al. A randomized trial of high-flow oxygen therapy in infants with bronchiolitis. New England Journal of Medicine. 2018; 378: 1121–1131.

[35] Locke RG, Wolfson MR, Shaffer TH, Rubenstein SD, Greenspan JS. Inadvertent administration of positive end-distending pressure during nasal cannula flow. Pediatrics. 1993; 91: 135–138.

[36] Parke RL, Eccleston ML, McGuinness SP. The effects of flow on airway pressure during nasal high-flow oxygen therapy. Respiratory Care. 2011; 56: 1151–1155.

[37] Spentzas T, Minarik M, Patters AB, Vinson B, Stidham G. Children with respiratory distress treated with high-flow nasal cannula. Journal of Intensive Care Medicine. 2009; 24: 323–328.

[38] Wilkinson DJ, Andersen CC, Smith K, Holberton J. Pharyngeal pressure with high-flow nasal cannulae in premature infants. Journal of Perinatology. 2008; 28: 42–47.

[39] Arora B, Mahajan P, Zidan MA, Sethuraman U. Nasopharyngeal airway pressures in bronchiolitis patients treated with high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy. Pediatric Emergency Care. 2012; 28: 1179–1184.

[40] Milési C, Baleine J, Matecki S, Durand S, Combes C, Novais ARB, et al. Is treatment with a high flow nasal cannula effective in acute viral bronchiolitis? a physiologic study. Intensive Care Medicine. 2013; 39: 1088–1094.

[41] Milési C, Boubal M, Jacquot A, Baleine J, Durand S, Odena MP, et al. High-flow nasal cannula: recommendations for daily practice in pediatrics. Annals of Intensive Care. 2014; 4: 29.

[42] Hough JL, Pham TMT, Schibler A. Physiologic effect of high-flow nasal cannula in infants with bronchiolitis. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 2014; 15: e214–e219.

[43] Hinz J, Hahn G, Neumann P, Sydow M, Mohrenweiser P, Hellige G, et al. End-expiratory lung impedance change enables bedside monitoring of end-expiratory lung volume change. Intensive Care Medicine. 2003; 29: 37–43.

[44] Corley A, Caruana LR, Barnett AG, Tronstad O, Fraser JF. Oxygen delivery through high-flow nasal cannulae increase end-expiratory lung volume and reduce respiratory rate in post-cardiac surgical patients. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2011; 107: 998–1004.

[45] Pham TMT, O’Malley L, Mayfield S, Martin S, Schibler A. The effect of high flow nasal cannula therapy on the work of breathing in infants with bronchiolitis. Pediatric Pulmonology. 2015; 50: 713–720.

[46] Dysart K, Miller TL, Wolfson MR, Shaffer TH. Research in high flow therapy: mechanisms of action. Respiratory Medicine. 2009; 103: 1400–1405.

[47] Rubin S, Ghuman A, Deakers T, Khemani R, Ross P, Newth CJ. Effort of breathing in children receiving high-flow nasal cannula. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 2014; 15: 1–6.

[48] Weiler T, Kamerkar A, Hotz J, Ross PA, Newth CJL, Khemani RG. The relationship between high flow nasal cannula flow rate and effort of breathing in children. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2017; 189: 66–71.e3.

[49] Di mussi R, Spadaro S, Stripoli T, Volta CA, Trerotoli P, Pierucci P, et al. High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy decreases postextubation neuroventilatory drive and work of breathing in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Critical Care. 2018; 22: 180.

[50] Numa AH, Newth CJ. Anatomic dead space in infants and children. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1996; 80: 1485–1489.

[51] Frizzola M, Miller TL, Rodriguez ME, Zhu Y, Rojas J, Hesek A, et al. High-flow nasal cannula: impact on oxygenation and ventilation in an acute lung injury model. Pediatric Pulmonology. 2011; 46: 67–74.

[52] Patel A, Nouraei SR. Transnasal humidified rapid-insufflation ventilatory exchange (THRIVE): a physiological method of increasing apnoea time in patients with difficult airway. Anaesthesia. 2015; 70: 323–329.

[53] Humphreys S, Lee-Archer P, Reyne G, Long D, Williams T, Schibler A. Transnasal humidified rapid-insufflation ventilatory exchange (THRIVE) in children: a randomized controlled trial. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2017; 118: 232–238.

[54] Jagannathan N. Use of THRIVE in children for head and neck procedures: why is it a useful technique? Journal of Head & Neck Anesthesia. 2020; 4: e23–e23.

[55] Jagannathan N, Burjek N. Transnasal humidified rapid-insufflation ventilatory exchange (THRIVE) in children: a step forward in apnoeic oxygenation, paradigm-shift in ventilation, or both? British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2017; 118: 150–152.

[56] Humphreys S, Schibler A. Nasal high‐flow oxygen in pediatric anesthesia and airway management. Pediatric Anesthesia. 2020; 30: 339–346.

[57] Dawson JA, Owen LS, Middleburgh R, Davis PG. Quantifying tem-perature and relative humidity of medical gases used for newborn resuscitation. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2014; 50: 24–26.

[58] Hasani A, Chapman T, McCool D, Smith R, Dilworth J, Agnew J. Domiciliary humidification improves lung mucociliary clearance in patients with bronchiectasis. Chronic Respiratory Disease. 2008; 5: 81–86.

[59] Chidekel A, Zhu Y, Wang J, Mosko JJ, Rodriguez E, Shaffer TH. The effects of gas humidification with high-flow nasal cannula on cultured human airway epithelial cells. Pulmonary Medicine. 2012; 2012: 1–8.

[60] Masclans JR, Roca O. High-flow oxygen therapy in acute respiratory failure. Clinical Pulmonary Medicine. 2012; 19: 127–130.

[61] Williams R, Rankin N, Smith T, Galler D, Seakins P. Relationship between the humidity and temperature of inspired gas and the function of the airway mucosa. Critical Care Medicine. 1996; 24: 1920–1929.

[62] Fontanari P, Burnet H, Zattara-Hartmann MC, Jammes Y. Changes in airway resistance induced by nasal inhalation of cold dry, dry, or moist air in normal individuals. Journal of Applied Physiology. 1996; 81: 1739–1743.

[63] Greenspan JS, Wolfson MR, Shaffer TH. Airway responsiveness to low inspired gas temperature in preterm neonates. The Journal of Pediatrics. 1991; 118: 443–445.

[64] Saslow JG, Aghai ZH, Nakhla TA, Hart JJ, Lawrysh R, Stahl GE, et al. Work of breathing using high-flow nasal cannula in preterm infants. Journal of Perinatology. 2006; 26: 476–480.

[65] Manley BJ, Owen LS, Doyle LW, Andersen CC, Cartwright DW, Pritchard MA, et al. High-Flow nasal cannulae in very preterm infants after extubation. New England Journal of Medicine. 2013; 369: 1425–1433.

[66] Collins CL, Holberton JR, Barfield C, Davis PG. A randomized controlled trial to compare heated humidified high-flow nasal cannulae with nasal continuous positive airway pressure postextubation in premature infants. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2013; 162: 949–954.e1.

[67] Roberts CT, Manley BJ, Dawson JA, Davis PG. Nursing perceptions of high-flow nasal cannulae treatment for very preterm infants. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2014; 50: 806–810.

[68] Ramnarayan P, Lister P, Dominguez T, Habibi P, Edmonds N, Canter RR, et al. First-line support for assistance in breathing in children (first-ABC): a multicentre pilot randomised controlled trial of high-flow nasal cannula therapy versus continuous positive airway pressure in paediatric critical care. Critical Care. 2018; 22: 144.

[69] Liu C, Cheng WY, Li JS, Tang T, Tan PL, Yang L. High-flow nasal cannula vs. continuous positive airway pressure therapy for the treatment of children <2 years with mild to moderate respiratory failure due to pneumonia. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 2020; 8: 590906.

[70] Sinha R, Roychowdhoury S, Mukhopadhyay S, Ghosh P, Dutta K, Ghosh S. Comparative study between noninvasive continuous positive airway pressure and hot humidified high-flow nasal cannulae as a mode of respiratory support in infants with acute bronchiolitis in pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital. Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine. 2018; 22: 85–90.

[71] Vahlkvist S, Jürgensen L, la Cour A, Markoew S, Petersen TH, Kofoed P. High flow nasal cannula and continuous positive airway pressure therapy in treatment of viral bronchiolitis: a randomized clinical trial. European Journal of Pediatrics. 2020; 179: 513–518.

[72] Cataño-Jaramillo ML, Jaramillo-Bustamante JC, Florez ID. Continuous positive airway pressure vs. high flow nasal cannula in children with acute severe or moderate bronchiolitis. a systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicina Intensiva. 2022; 46: 72–80.

[73] Ongun EA, Dursun O, Anıl AB, Altuğ Ü, Temel Köksoy Ö, Akyıldız BN, et al. A multicentered study on efficiency of noninvasive ventilation procedures (SAFE-NIV). Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences. 2021; 51: 1159–1171.

[74] Fabre C, Panciatici M, Sauvaget E, Tardieu S, Jouve E, Dequin M, et al. Real-life study of the role of high-flow nasal cannula for bronchiolitis in children younger than 3 months hospitalised in general pediatric departments. Archives De PéDiatrie. 2021; 28: 1–6.

[75] Leder SB, Siner JM, Bizzarro MJ, McGinley BM, Lefton-Greif MA. Oral alimentation in neonatal and adult populations requiring high-flow oxygen via nasal cannula. Dysphagia. 2016; 31: 154–159.

[76] Dodrill P, Gosa M, Thoyre S, Shaker C, Pados B, Park J, et al. First, do no harm: a response to “oral alimentation in neonatal and adult populations requiring high-flow oxygen via nasal cannula”. Dysphagia. 2016; 31: 781–782.

[77] Slain KN, Martinez-Schlurmann N, Shein SL, Stormorken A. Nutrition and high-flow nasal cannula respiratory support in children with bronchiolitis. Hospital Pediatrics. 2017; 7: 256–262.

[78] Canning A, Fairhurst R, Chauhan M, Weir KA. Oral feeding for infants and children receiving nasal continuous positive airway pressure and high-flow nasal cannula respiratory supports: a survey of practice. Dysphagia. 2020; 35: 443–454.

[79] Conway TP, Halaby C, Akerman M, Asuncion A. The use of high-flow nasal cannula and the timing of safe feeding in children with bronchiolitis. Cureus. 2021; 13: e15665

[80] McKiernan C, Chua LC, Visintainer PF, Allen H. High flow nasal cannulae therapy in infants with bronchiolitis. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2010; 156: 634–638.

[81] Mayfield S, Bogossian F, O’Malley L, Schibler A. High-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy for infants with bronchiolitis: pilot study. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2014; 50: 373–378.

[82] Bressan S, Balzani M, Krauss B, Pettenazzo A, Zanconato S, Baraldi E. High-flow nasal cannula oxygen for bronchiolitis in a pediatric ward: a pilot study. European Journal of Pediatrics. 2013; 172: 1649–1656.

[83] Wraight TI, Ganu SS. High-flow nasal cannula use in a paediatric intensive care unit over 3 years. Critical care and resuscitation. 2015; 17: 197–201.

[84] Shioji N, Iwasaki T, Kanazawa T, Shimizu K, Suemori T, Sugimoto K, et al. Physiological impact of high-flow nasal cannula therapy on postextubation acute respiratory failure after pediatric cardiac surgery: a prospective observational study. Journal of Intensive Care. 2017; 5: 35.

[85] Er A, Çağlar A, Akgül F, Ulusoy E, Çitlenbik H, Yılmaz D, et al. Early predictors of unresponsiveness to high-flow nasal cannula therapy in a pediatric emergency department. Pediatric Pulmonology. 2018; 53: 809–815.

[86] Schibler A, Pham TMT, Dunster KR, Foster K, Barlow A, Gibbons K, et al. Reduced intubation rates for infants after introduction of high-flow nasal prong oxygen delivery. Intensive Care Medicine. 2011; 37: 847–852.

[87] González Martínez F, González Sánchez MI, Toledo del Castillo B, Pérez Moreno J, Medina Muñoz M, Rodríguez Jiménez C, et al. Treatment with high-flow oxygen therapy in asthma exacerbations in a paediatric hospital ward: experience from 2012 to 2016. An Pediatr 2019; 90: 72–78. (In Spanish)

[88] Heikkilä P, Sokuri P, Mecklin M, Nuolivirta K, Tapiainen T, Peltoniemi O, et al. Using high-flow nasal cannulas for infants with bronchiolitis admitted to paediatric wards is safe and feasible. Acta Paediatrica. 2018; 107: 1971–1976.

[89] Lu Y, Cui Y, Shi JY, Zhou YP, Wang CX, Zhang YC. Efficacy of high flow nasal oxygen therapy in children with acute respiratory failure. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2021; 59: 20–26. (In Chinese)

[90] Kamit Can F, Anil AB, Anil M, Zengin N, Durak F, Alparslan C, et al. Predictive factors for the outcome of high flow nasal cannula therapy in a pediatric intensive care unit: is the SpO_2/FiO_2 ratio useful? Journal of Critical Care. 2018; 44: 436–444.

[91] Chang C-C, Lin Y-C, Chen T-C, Lin J-J, Hsia S-H, Chan O-W, et al. High-flow nasal cannula therapy in children with acute respiratory distress with hypoxia in a pediatric intensive care unitA single center experience. Frontiers in Pediatrics. 2021; 9: 664180.

[92] Betters KA, Gillespie SE, Miller J, Kotzbauer D, Hebbar KB. High flow nasal cannula use outside of the ICU; factors associated with failure. Pediatric Pulmonology. 2017; 52: 806–812.

[93] Testa G, Iodice F, Ricci Z, Vitale V, De Razza F, Haiberger R, et al. Comparative evaluation of high-flow nasal cannula and conventional oxygen therapy in paediatric cardiac surgical patients: a randomized controlled trial. Interactive CardioVascular and Thoracic Surgery. 2014; 19: 456–461.

[94] Abboud PA, Roth PJ, Skiles CL, Stolfi A, Rowin ME. Predictors of failure in infants with viral bronchiolitis treated with high-flow, high-humidity nasal cannula therapy. Pediatric Critical Care Medicine. 2012; 13: e343–e349.

[95] Guillot C, Le Reun C, Behal H, Labreuche J, Recher M, Duhamel A, et al. First-line treatment using high-flow nasal cannula for children with severe bronchiolitis: applicability and risk factors for failure. Archives De PéDiatrie. 2018; 25: 213–218.

[96] Kelly GS, Simon HK, Sturm JJ. High-flow nasal cannula use in children with respiratory distress in the emergency department. Pediatric Emergency Care. 2013; 29: 888–892.

[97] Asseri AA, AlQahtani YA, Alhanshani AA, Ali GH, Alhelali I. Indications and safety of high flow nasal cannula in pediatric intensive care unit: retrospective single center experience in Saudi Arabia. Pediatric Health, Medicine and Therapeutics. 2021; 12: 431–437.

[98] Roca O, Messika J, Caralt B, García-de-Acilu M, Sztrymf B, Ricard J, et al. Predicting success of high-flow nasal cannula in pneumonia patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure: the utility of the ROX index. Journal of Critical Care. 2016; 35: 200–205.

[99] Yildizdas D, Yontem A, Iplik G, Horoz OO, Ekinci F. Predicting nasal high-flow therapy failure by pediatric respiratory rate-oxygenation index and pediatric respiratory rate-oxygenation index variation in children. European Journal of Pediatrics. 2021; 180: 1099–1106.

[100] Lin J, Zhang Y, Xiong L, Liu S, Gong C, Dai J. High-flow nasal cannula therapy for children with bronchiolitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 2019; 104: 564–576.

[101] Luo J, Duke T, Chisti MJ, Kepreotes E, Kalinowski V, Li J. Efficacy of high-flow nasal cannula vs. standard oxygen therapy or nasal continuous positive airway pressure in children with respiratory distress: a meta-analysis. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2019; 215: 199–208.e8.

[102] Dafydd C, Saunders BJ, Kotecha SJ, Edwards MO. Efficacy and safety of high flow nasal oxygen for children with bronchiolitis: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open Respiratory Research. 2021; 8: e000844.

[103] Metge P, Grimaldi C, Hassid S, Thomachot L, Loundou A, Martin C, et al. Comparison of a high-flow humidified nasal cannula to nasal continuous positive airway pressure in children with acute bronchiolitis: experience in a pediatric intensive care unit. European Journal of Pediatrics. 2014; 173: 953–958.

[104] Cesar RG, Bispo BRP, Felix PHCA, Modolo MCC, Souza AAF, Horigoshi NK, et al. High-flow nasal cannula versus continuous positive airway pressure in critical bronchiolitis: a randomized controlled pilot. Journal of Pediatric Intensive Care. 2020; 09: 248–255.

[105] Habra B, Janahi IA, Dauleh H, Chandra P, Veten A. A comparison between high‐flow nasal cannula and noninvasive ventilation in the management of infants and young children with acute bronchiolitis in the PICU. Pediatric Pulmonology. 2020; 55: 455–461.

[106] Milési C, Essouri S, Pouyau R, Liet J, Afanetti M, Portefaix A, et al. High flow nasal cannula (HFNC) versus nasal continuous positive airway pressure (nCPAP) for the initial respiratory management of acute viral bronchiolitis in young infants: a multicenter randomized controlled trial (TRAMONTANE study). Intensive Care Medicine. 2017; 43: 209–216.

[107] Russi BW, Lew A, McKinley SD, Morrison JM, Sochet AA. High-flow nasal cannula and bilevel positive airway pressure for pediatric status asthmaticus: a single center, retrospective descriptive and comparative cohort study. Journal of Asthma. 2022; 59: 757–764.

[108] Pilar J, Modesto I Alapont V, Lopez-Fernandez YM, Lopez-Macias O, Garcia-Urabayen D, Amores-Hernandez I. High-flow nasal cannula therapy versus non-invasive ventilation in children with severe acute asthma exacerbation: an observational cohort study. Medicina Intensiva. 2017; 41: 418–424.

[109] Hansen G, Hochman J, Garner M, Dmytrowich J, Holt T. Pediatric early warning score and deteriorating ward patients on high-flow therapy. Pediatrics International. 2019; 61: 278–283.

[110] Richards M, Le Roux D, Cooke L, Argent A. The influence of high flow nasal cannulae on the outcomes of severe respiratory disease in children admitted to a regional hospital in South Africa. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2020; 66: 612–620.

[111] Riese J, Fierce J, Riese A, Alverson BK. Effect of a hospital-wide high-flow nasal cannula protocol on clinical outcomes and resource utilization of bronchiolitis patients admitted to the PICU. Hospital Pediatrics. 2015; 5: 613–618.

[112] Riese J, Porter T, Fierce J, Riese A, Richardson T, Alverson BK. Clinical outcomes of bronchiolitis after implementation of a general ward high flow nasal cannula guideline. Hospital Pediatrics. 2017; 7: 197–203.

[113] Charvat C, Jain S, Orenstein EW, Miller L, Edmond M, Sanders R. Quality initiative to reduce high-flow nasal cannula duration and length of stay in bronchiolitis. Hospital Pediatrics. 2021; 11: 309–318.

[114] Heikkilä P, Forma L, Korppi M. High-flow oxygen therapy is more cost-effective for bronchiolitis than standard treatment-a decision-tree analysis. Pediatric Pulmonology. 2016; 51: 1393–1402.

[115] Cunningham S, Fernandes RM. High-flow oxygen therapy in acute bronchiolitis. The Lancet. 2017; 389: 886–887.

[116] Ballestero Y, De Pedro J, Portillo N, Martinez-Mugica O, Arana-Arri E, Benito J. Pilot clinical trial of high-flow oxygen therapy in children with asthma in the emergency service. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2018; 194: 204–210.


Abstracted / indexed in

Science Citation Index Expanded (SciSearch) Created as SCI in 1964, Science Citation Index Expanded now indexes over 9,200 of the world’s most impactful journals across 178 scientific disciplines. More than 53 million records and 1.18 billion cited references date back from 1900 to present.

Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition aims to evaluate a journal’s value from multiple perspectives including the journal impact factor, descriptive data about a journal’s open access content as well as contributing authors, and provide readers a transparent and publisher-neutral data & statistics information about the journal.

Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index The CAS Source Index (CASSI) Search Tool is an online resource that can quickly identify or confirm journal titles and abbreviations for publications indexed by CAS since 1907, including serial and non-serial scientific and technical publications.

Index Copernicus The Index Copernicus International (ICI) Journals database’s is an international indexation database of scientific journals. It covered international scientific journals which divided into general information, contents of individual issues, detailed bibliography (references) sections for every publication, as well as full texts of publications in the form of attached files (optional). For now, there are more than 58,000 scientific journals registered at ICI.

Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research The Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research (GFMER) is a non-profit organization established in 2002 and it works in close collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO). The overall objectives of the Foundation are to promote and develop health education and research programs.

Scopus: CiteScore 1.3 (2023) Scopus is Elsevier's abstract and citation database launched in 2004. Scopus covers nearly 36,377 titles (22,794 active titles and 13,583 Inactive titles) from approximately 11,678 publishers, of which 34,346 are peer-reviewed journals in top-level subject fields: life sciences, social sciences, physical sciences and health sciences.

Embase Embase (often styled EMBASE for Excerpta Medica dataBASE), produced by Elsevier, is a biomedical and pharmacological database of published literature designed to support information managers and pharmacovigilance in complying with the regulatory requirements of a licensed drug.

Submission Turnaround Time

Conferences

Top